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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
For information on translations, please e-mail rights apress. Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. Any source code or other supplementary materials referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at www.
Readers can also access source code at SpringerLink in the Supplementary Material section for each chapter. I dedicate this book to my parents, who had the unusual belief that I could achieve something with computers since I was in high shcool. As an advisor and coach, he helps organzations by implementing test automation with Continuous Integration using open technologies such as Selenium WebDriver and Watir.
Zhimin is the creator of TestWise, the next-generation functional testing tool that supports functional test refactorings, and is a frequent speaker and writer. He shares his test automation and CI experience at testwisely. Tarim has more than 10 years of progressive experiences in managing quality assurance test automation teams and projects, and developing QTP, LoadRunner, JMeter, and Selenium automation frameworks with VBScript,.
He has worked on various automated functional and performance testing projects utilizing commercial and open source test automation applications and framework APIs.
Mark and his support team carefully managed the manuscript development process and publication side of things. Thank you for the technical reviewers: Lien Nguyen, Dolkun Tarim, and Jerrel Blankenship, who made great suggestions and spotted many errors and omissions. Finally, a very big thank you to my family. Now Selenium WebDriver is big in the testing world. Software giants such as Facebook and LinkedIn use it, as immensely-comprehensive automated UI testing enables them to push out releases several times a day.
However, from my observation, many software projects, while using Selenium WebDriver, are not getting much value from test automation, and certainly nowhere near its potential. A clear sign of this is that the regression testing is not conducted on a daily basis if test automation is done well, it will happen naturally. Among the factors contributing to test automation failures, a key one is that automation testers lack sufficient knowledge in the test framework.
It is quite common to see some testers or developers get excited when they first create a few simple test cases and see them run in a browser. However, it does not take long for them to encounter some obstacles, such as being unable to automate certain operations. If one step cannot be automated, the whole test case does not work, which is the nature of test automation. Searching solutions online is not always successful, and posting questions on forums and waiting can be frustrating usually, very few people seek professional help from test automation coaches.
Not surprisingly, many projects eventually gave up test automation or just used it for testing a handful of scenarios. The motivation of this book is to help motivated testers work better with Selenium. The book contains over recipes for web application tests with Selenium. If you have read one of my other books, Practical Web Test Automation, you probably know my style: practical.
I will let the test scripts do most of the talking. With both, you can: 1. Identify your issue 2. Find the recipe 3. Run the test case 4. In order to get the most of this book, basic C coding skill is required. Readers can go directly to the part that interests them. This book supports this style of reading. Since the recipes are arranged according to their levels of complexity, readers will also be able to work through the book from the front to back if they are looking to learn test automation with Selenium WebDriver.
Recipe Test Scripts To help readers to learn more effectively, this book has a dedicated site that contains the recipe test scripts and related resources. The recipe test scripts in this book are written for simplicity, there is always room for improvement. But for many, to understand the solution quickly and get the job done are probably more important. If you have a better and simpler way, please let me know. All recipe test scripts are Selenium WebDriver 2 compliant, and can be run on Firefox, Chrome and Internet Explorer on multiple platforms.
Send Me Feedback I would appreciate your comments, suggestions, reports on errors in the book and the recipe test scripts. I assume that you have had some knowledge of Selenium WebDriver, based on the fact that you picked up this book or opened it in your eBook reader. Selenium was originally created in by Jason Huggins, who was later joined by his other ThoughtWorks colleagues.
Selenium supports all major browsers and tests can be written in many programming languages and run on Windows, Linux, and Macintosh platforms. Selenium Language Bindings Selenium tests can be written in multiple programming languages such as Java, C , Python, and Ruby the core ones.
All examples in this book are written in Selenium with C binding. As you will see in the examples that follow, the use of Selenium in different bindings is very similar. Once you master one, you can apply it to others quite easily. Take a look at a simple Selenium test script in four different language bindings: C , Java, Python, and Ruby. C using System; using OpenQA. Selenium; using OpenQA. Firefox; using OpenQA. FindElement By. WriteLine driver.
By; import org. WebDriver; import org. WebElement; import org. Firefox driver. I use Visual Studio Community as the integrated development environment IDE of choice for this book, as it is free. Set up Visual Studio Solution 1. Create a new project in Visual Studio. Figure Add the Selenium WebDriver package to the project. Support, which includes helper. Add a new C class a test. Essentially a Selenium test in C is a C class. Create a test case.
In this case, the Selenium classes were not loaded. To fix this, right-click these red underlines and select Resolve. Run the test. Do a Google search in the browser, as we indicated in our instructions in GoogleSearchTest. The browser market nowadays is more diversified based on the StatsCounter, the usage shares in September for Chrome, Internet Explorer, and Firefox are It is logical that all external-facing web sites require serious cross-browser testing.
Selenium is a natural choice for this purpose, as it far exceeds other commercial tools and free test frameworks. Firefox Selenium supports Firefox out of the box, so as long as you have Firefox a recent version installed, you are ready to go. The following test script opens a web site in a new Firefox window. Installing ChromeDriver is easy. To verify the installation, open a command window, and execute the command chromedriver. Its installation process is very similar to that for chromedriver.
After installation, you will find the executable MicrosoftWebDriver. IO; using OpenQA. Combine System. Strictly speaking, they are not tests. To make the effective use of Selenium scripts for testing, we need to put them in a test framework that defines test structures and provides assertions performing checks in test scripts. UnitTesting; using OpenQA. IE; using OpenQA. Chrome; using System. Sleep ; driver. The part used for test scripts is quite intuitive. After studying and trying some examples, you will be quite comfortable with it.
What does this mean to your execution? If you run one test case or all test cases in one test class, [ClassCleanup] is invoked as you expected. However, when you run several test classes in one go, the time of invocation of [ClassCleanup] is nondeterministic which leaves many browser windows open.
If you have used JUnit before, you will find similarities in NUnit. However, you will need to spend some effort getting NUnit to work with Visual Studio. Run Recipe Scripts Test scripts for all recipes can be downloaded from the book site. They are all in ready- to-run state. I include the target web pages as well as Selenium test scripts. There are two kinds of target web pages: local HTML files and web pages on a live site.
Running the tests written for live sites requires an Internet connection. When you have a large number of test cases, the most effective way to run all tests is a Continuous Integration process. Find the Test Case You can locate the recipe either by following the chapter or searching by name. There are more than test cases in the test project. Being able to quickly navigate to the test case is important when you have developed a large number of test cases.
Visual Studio includes the Navigate To command. The finding starts as soon as you type. You can edit the test scripts in any text editors and run them from a command line. To run a C class, you need to be compile it first. Open a Visual Studio command prompt. Run all tests using VSTest. Console is the command-line program to run Visual Studio tests.
Run individual test cases. The following command runs two test cases in different files. Passed: 2. Failed: 0. Skipped: 0. Test Run Successful. Test execution time: Selenium uses what are called locators to find and match the elements on a web page. Table Id "user" Name FindElement By. Start browser Testing web sites starts with a browser. Quit ; There is also driver. Close , which closes the browser window with the focus. Quit closes all browser windows and ends the WebDriver session.
In comparison to texts, test scripts that use IDs are less prone to application changes e. Id "username". The values of the name attributes are passed to the server when a form is submitted. In terms of least likelihood of a change, the name attribute is probably only second to ID.
Name "comment". LinkText "Cancel". Click ; Find element by Partial Link Text Selenium allows you to identify a hyperlink control with partial text. This can be quite useful when the text is dynamically generated. In other words, the text on one web page might be different on your next visit. We might be able to use the common text shared by these dynamically generated link texts to identify them. PartialLinkText "ance".
When a browser renders a web page, it parses it into a DOM tree or similar. XPath can be used to refer to a certain node in the DOM tree. Click ; Some testers feel intimidated by the complexity of XPath. However, in practice, there is only a limited scope of XPath to master for testers.
However, I do not recommend this approach, as the test script is fragile. Try to use an XPath expression that is less vulnerable to structure changes around the web element. In other words, many elements share the same tag names on a web page.
However, there is an exception. TagName "body". Text; This test statement returns the text view of a web page. This is very useful, as Selenium WebDriver does not have built-in method to return the text of a web page, commonly used for assertion.
It can also be used for identifying elements. ClassName "btn-primary". ClassName "btn". ClassName "btn btn-deault btn-primary". Click ; System. ClassName "editable-textarea". SendKeys "inline notes" ; System. ClassName "editable-submit". Id "div2". Name "same". Click ; Find multiple elements As its name suggests, FindElements returns a list of matched elements.
Its syntax is exactly the same as FindElement; that is, it can use any of the eight locators. The test statements below will find two check boxes under div container and click the second one. FindElements By. Click ; Sometimes FindElement fails due to multiple matching elements on a page that you were not aware of. FindElements will come in handy to find them out. As a matter of fact, it is hyperlinks that make the World Wide Web possible. LinkText "Recommend Selenium". Click ; Click a link by ID driver.
Click ; Furthermore, if you are testing a web site with multiple languages, using IDs is probably the only feasible option.
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